This is the second report in a Council on Foundations series on philanthropy’s role in bridging divides, led by researcher Nichole Argo (TogetherUp Institute) with interviews of more than 40 practitioners, funders, and field leaders alongside five in-depth case studies, including StoryCorps’ One Small Step and a post-tragedy dialogue program in Buffalo. It finds that effective bridging work requires long-term investment — often a decade or more — and relationship-based approaches rather than one-off programming, and that the field still lacks standardized ways to measure impact even as individual programs report real gains in cross-group contact and reduced perception gaps.